настройка clear linux после установки
Обзор Intel Clear Linux, его возможностей и процедуры установки
Вкратце: Intel Clear Linux не является вашим повседневным дистрибутивом Linux. Он создан для определенной цели, и в этом он превосходен.
Это не подробный обзор Clear Linux, но я потратил некоторое время, играя с ним. И я поделюсь своим опытом установки и настройки Clear Linux. Но сначала давайте подробнее рассмотрим возможности Clear Linux.
Очистить возможности Linux
Системные требования для установки Clear Linux
Clear Linux предназначен для работы на очень минимальном оборудовании, включая одноядерный процессор, 128 МБ ОЗУ и 600 МБ дискового пространства. Тем не менее, они рекомендовали приведенные ниже системные требования для оптимизации производительности.
Как установить Clear Linux
Доступны виртуальные жесткие диски, содержащие разделы диска и файловую систему, которые можно использовать в качестве жесткого диска виртуальной машины.
Скачать Clear Linux
Вы можете получить виртуальный жесткий диск для Azure, образ для облака, контейнеры, гипер-v виртуальный жесткий диск, установщик ISO и образ в реальном времени.
Я загрузил образ установщика clear-linux для ОС Clear Linux, который я буду использовать для загрузки моей системы и установки поверх нее графического интерфейса.
Если вы настраиваете его в виртуальной коробке, как я, не забудьте включить EFI на вкладке Система в виртуальной коробке для загрузки.
Шаг 1. Установите Virtual Box и загрузитесь с ISO.
Первые шаги включают выбор клавиатуры и настройки прокси для подключения к серверу обновлений. В меню установки вы можете выбрать один из двух вариантов: установить Clear Linux OS или восстановить существующую установленную копию.
В Программе повышения стабильности вы можете разрешить (и запретить) Clear Linux собирать отчеты для повышения стабильности системы и отправлять их в Intel.
На следующем шаге выберите «Тип автоматической установки» или «Вручную», если вы предпочитаете брать вещи в свои руки. Следующий экран предназначен для создания раздела и выбора носителя, на который вы собираетесь установить.
Последний шаг запрашивает подтверждение и начинается установка. Пройдет некоторое время, прежде чем установщик уведомит вас о завершении. Извлеките носитель и перезагрузите его.
Это слайд-шоу требует JavaScript.
После этого запустите виртуальную машину и введите root в качестве имени пользователя и пароля, которые вы хотите сохранить для системы.
Следующее, что я сделаю, это создам графический интерфейс или среду рабочего стола, но перед этим сначала создадим пользователя.
Шаг 2: Настройка пользователя root и учетной записи пользователя
При первой загрузке в ОС Clear Linux введите «root» в качестве имени пользователя и пароля, которые вы хотите сохранить, и используйте приведенную ниже команду для добавления другого пользователя.
После этого вы должны включить команду sudo для созданного вами пользователя. Добавьте имя пользователя в группу колес и включите группу колес.
Создайте файл / etc / sudoers и добавьте к нему строку ниже.
Сохраните изменения, выйдите из системы и войдите снова, чтобы изменения отразились.
Шаг 3: Установка среды рабочего стола GNOME
Clear Linux имеет другую архитектуру и использует утилиту обновления программного обеспечения или swupd для добавления или обновления приложений и выполнения системных обновлений. Прежде чем вы начнете использовать его, вам необходимо установить некоторые базовые приложения, такие как sysadmin-basic, editors, c-basics и другие полезные пакеты.
Теперь вы можете запустить приведенную ниже команду, чтобы запустить менеджер рабочего стола GNOME.
Заключительные слова о Clear Linux
Что вы думаете о Clear Linux, расскажите нам в комментариях.
An Overview of Intel’s Clear Linux, its Features and Installation Procedure
Last updated May 9, 2018 By Ambarish Kumar 22 Comments
Brief: Intel’s Clear Linux is not your everyday Linux distribution. It is created for a specific purpose and it excels in that.
Clear Linux is a product of Intel’s Open Source Technology Center focusing mainly on the cloud. It’s not your regular general-purpose Linux distributions, but a distribution that mostly suits various cloud use cases leveraging the best of Intel’s hardware and architecture. There are better power management and performance optimizations along with various other features.
It’s not a detailed Clear Linux review but I spent some time playing with it. And I’ll share my experience with Clear Linux installation and set up. But first, let us look at the features of Clear Linux in details.
Clear Linux Features
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System Requirements for installing Clear Linux
Clear Linux is designed to run on a very minimal hardware, as low as a single core CPU, 128 MB RAM and 600 MB of storage. However, they recommended the below system requirements for the optimized performance.
How to install Clear Linux
There are Virtual Hard Disk available containing disk partitions and a file system which can be used as the hard disk of a virtual machine.
You can grab a VHD for Azure, image for cloud, containers, hyper-v VHD, installer ISO and live image.
I have downloaded clear-linux installer image for Clear Linux OS, which I will be using to boot my system and install a GUI over it.
If you are setting it up in a Virtual Box like me, do not forget to enable EFI under System tab in Virtual Box to boot.
Step 1: Set up the Virtual Box and boot from the ISO.
The first steps include Keyboard selection and proxy settings for a connection to the update server. In the installation menu, you can select either of the two options: install Clear Linux OS or repair an existing installed copy.
In the Stability Enhancement Program, you can allow (and disallow) Clear Linux to collect reports to improve system stability and send it to Intel.
In the next step, choose Automatic installation type, or Manual if you prefer taking things in your hand. Next screen is for creating partition and choosing the media where you are going to install.
Last step asks you for the confirmation and installation begins. It will take some time before the installer notifies you of the completion. Remove the media and reboot it.
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Once done, start the Virtual Machine and enter root as username and password which you want to keep for the system.
The next thing I will do is put up a GUI or Desktop Environment, but before that lets create a user first.
Step 2: Setting up root user and a User account
For the first time when you boot to Clear Linux OS, enter “root” as username and a password which you want to keep and use the below command to add another user.
Once done, you have to enable the sudo command for the user you created. Add the username to wheel group and enable the wheel group.
Create a file /etc/sudoers and add below line to it.
Save the changes, logout and login again for the changes to reflect.
Step 3: Installing GNOME desktop environment
Clear Linux has a different architecture and uses software update utility or swupd to add or update applications and perform system updates. Before you can actually start using it, you will need to install some basic application like sysadmin-basic, editors, c-basics and other useful packages.
Now, you can run the below command to start the GNOME desktop manager.
Final words on Clear Linux
With never-ending Linux distributions, Intel has not tried to create another general purpose Linux distro. Clear Linux is something that will be picked up gradually by various large corps that uses Intel’s hardware for a better performance and optimization. It’s availability in Azure marketplace hints to its expansion, for example.
What’re your thoughts on Clear Linux, tell us in the comments.
Like what you read? Please share it with others.
swupd¶
swupd links a Clear Linux* OS installation with upstream updates and software.
Description¶
swupd has two main functions:
Manage software and replace APT or YUM, by installing bundles rather than packages.
Check for system updates and install them.
swupd manages overlapping dependencies behind the scenes, ensuring that all software is compatible across the system. It can be used to verify the OS, clean cached files, and fix issues.
Bundles contain everything needed to deliver a software capability. They are the smallest granularity component that is managed by Clear Linux OS. A bundle comes with all of its dependencies rather than downloading a cascade of package dependencies when installing a piece of software.
Versioning¶
Using package managers to monitor software version compatibility or compare multiple systems on many Linux distributions can be cumbersome.
With Clear Linux OS swupd, versioning happens at the individual file level. This means Clear Linux OS generates an entirely new OS version with any set of software changes to the system, including software downgrades or removals. This rolling release versioning model is similar to git internal version tracking, where any of the individual file commits are tracked and move the pointer forward when changed.
A number that represents the current release of the OS describes the versions of all the software on the OS. Each build is composed of a specific set of bundles made from a particular version of packages. On a daily basis, this matters to system administrators who need to determine which of their systems do not have the latest security fixes, or which combinations of software have been tested. Every release of the same number is guaranteed to contain the same versions of software, so there’s no ambiguity between two systems running the same version of Clear Linux OS.
Updating¶
Clear Linux OS enforces regular updating of the OS by default and automatically checks for updates against a version server. The content server provides the file and metadata content for all versions and can be the same as the version server. The content url server provides metadata in the form of manifests, which list and describe file contents, symlinks, and directories. Additionally, the actual content is provided to clients in the form of archive files.
Software updates with Clear Linux OS are also efficient. Unlike package-based distributions, swupd only updates files that have changed, rather than entire packages. For example, it is quite common for an OS security patch to be as small as 15 KB. Using binary deltas, Clear Linux OS is able to apply only what is needed.
For details on how to generate update content for Clear Linux OS, see the mixer tool.
How it works¶
Prerequisites¶
The device is on a well-connected network.
The device is able to connect to an update server. The default server is: https://cdn.download.clearlinux.org/update/
Updates¶
Clear Linux OS updates are automatic by default, but can be set to occur only on demand. swupd makes sure that regular updates are simple and secure. It can also check the validity of currently installed files and software, and can correct any problems.
Manifests¶
The Clear Linux OS software update content consists of data and metadata. The data is the files that end up in the OS. The metadata contains relevant information to properly provision the data to the OS file system, as well as update the system and add or remove additional content to the OS.
The manifests are mostly long lists of hashes that describe content. Each bundle gets its own manifest file. There is a master manifest file that describes all manifests to tie it all together.
Fullfiles, packs, and delta packs¶
To speed up updates and optimize content delivery, update data provisioned to a system is obtained by one of the following methods:
Fullfiles are always generated for every file in every release. This allows any Clear Linux OS to obtain the exact copy of the content for each version directly. This is used if the OS verification needs to replace a single file, for instance.
Packs are available for some releases. They combine many files to speed up the creation of installation media and large updates.
Delta packs are an optimized version of packs that only contain updates (binary diffs). They cannot be used without having the original file content.
Bundle search¶
swupd searches download manifest data for bundles that match the term. Enter only one term, or hyphenated term, per search. Use the command man swupd to learn more.
Only the base bundle is returned. Bundles can contain other bundles via includes. For more details, see Bundle Definition Files and its subdirectory bundles.
Bundles that are already installed are marked (installed) in search results.
Optionally, you can review our bundles on GitHub*.
Examples¶
Example 1: Disable and enable automatic updates¶
Clear Linux OS updates are automatic by default, but can be set to occur only on demand.
Clear Linux* OS on VirtualBox*В¶
This page explains how to create a virtual machine on the VirtualBox hypervisor with Clear Linux* OS as the guest operating system. These instructions support the Clear Linux OS live-server installer to create the Clear Linux OS virtual machine (VM).
Prerequisites¶
Enable virtualization, such as IntelВ® Virtualization Technology (IntelВ® VT), on the host system from EFI/BIOS.
Download and install VirtualBox version 6.0 or later from VirtualBox using the VirtualBox Installation Instructions for your platform.
Download and extract the Clear Linux OS installer ISO¶
Validate the integrity of the downloaded image by checking the file hash and signatures. Refer to Validate signatures for detailed steps.
Decompress the downloaded image.
On Windows, you can use 7zip to extract the file by right-clicking the file to Extract Here (in the same directory)
Figure 1: 7zip extract here command В¶
Delete the originally downloaded compressed file.
Create a new VirtualBox virtual machine¶
Launch the VirtualBox Manager from your host system.
Click the New button to create a new VM.
On the Create Virtual Machine screen, enter the following settings:
Name: Choose name (e.g. ClearLinuxOS-VM).
Type: Linux
Version: Linux 2.6 / 3.x / 4.x (64-bit)
Hard disk: Create a virtual hard disk now
Memory size default: 2048 MB (Adjust appropriately.)
Later, if you want to change the amount of RAM allocated, power down your VM. Return to Settings > System and change Base Memory to the desired size.
Figure 2: Create Virtual Machine В¶
On the Create Virtual Hard Disk screen, select:
File location
File size: 32.00 GB. Adjust size to your needs.
Hard disk file type: VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image)
Storage on physical hard disk: Dynamically allocated
Figure 3: Create Virtual Hard Disk В¶
A new virtual machine will be created and appear in the VirtualBox Manager.
Click Settings to configure the Clear Linux OS VM.
In the left-hand menu, navigate to the System menu.
You can select which chipset will be presented to the virtual machine. Consult the VM VirtualBox User Manual for more details.
Enable I/O APIC
Enable EFI (special OSes only)
Figure 4: Settings > System В¶
By default, only 1 virtual CPU is allocated to the new VM. Consider increasing the number of virtual processors allocated to the virtual machine under Settings > System > Processor for increased performance.
Install Clear Linux OS on the VirtualBox VM¶
Clear Linux OS is ready to be installed.
Mount the installation ISO¶
The Clear Linux OS installer ISO needs to be mounted as a virtual CD-ROM on the VM before powering the VM on.
From the Attributes menu, click the blue CD disk next to the Optical Drive drop down menu and click Choose Virtual Optical Disk File…
Figure 5: Choose Virtual Optical Disk Drive В¶
Figure 6: Mounting an ISO В¶
Click OK to exit and return to the main VirtualBox Manager.
Install Clear Linux OS with live-server installer¶
Figure 7: Start the installer В¶
To release the mouse cursor from the VM console window, press the right Ctrl key on the keyboard.
Follow the steps in Install Clear Linux* OS from the live server to install Clear Linux OS onto the VM virtual disk. Note:
At the prompt, enter:
Unmount the ISO¶
The Clear Linux OS installer ISO needs to be unmounted to allow the VM to boot from the virtual hard disk.
Return to the VirtualBox Manager.
Click Settings to configure the Clear Linux OS VM.
From the VM Settings window, navigate to the Storage pane in the left menu.
Figure 8: Remove Disk from Virtual Drive В¶
Click OK to exit the VM Settings menu and return to the main VirtualBox Manager.
Install VirtualBox Linux Guest Additions¶
Clear Linux OS provides Linux Guest Additions drivers for full compatibility using an install script in the kernel-lts (Long Term Support) bundle by Clear Linux OS.
In the VM Console, log in as the administrative user previously created.
A message may appear: “A kernel update is available: you may wish to reboot the system.”
To update the kernel, enter:
At initial login, enter the administrative user’s password and continue.
If the running kernel is not lts: install the LTS kernel manually, update the bootloader, and check again:
Remove any kernel bundles that do not end in -lts or kernel-install to simplify and avoid conflicts:
Figure 9: Insert Guest Additions CD image В¶
Instead, we provide a script to patch and install VirtualBox drivers on Clear Linux OS.
Open a Terminal and enter the script:
Successful installation shows: “Guest Additions installation complete”. If drivers are already installed, don’t re-install them.
Figure 10: Powering off a VirtualBox VM В¶
Figure 11: VirtualBox hardware acceleration error В¶
In the VM console, login and verify the VirtualBox drivers are loaded:
You should see drivers loaded with names beginning with vbox: (e.g., vboxvideo, vboxguest).
Add desktop-autostart for a full desktop experience.
Reboot the VM and log in with the administrative user.
The Clear Linux OS VM running on VirtualBox is ready to develop and explore.
Troubleshooting¶
Problem: On a Microsoft* Windows* OS, VirtualBox encounters an error when trying to start a VM indicating VT-X/AMD-v hardware acceleration is not available on your system.
Figure 12: VirtualBox hardware acceleration error В¶
Solution: First, double check the Prerequisites section to make sure Hardware accelerated virtualization extensions have been enabled in the host system’s EFI/BIOS.
Hardware accelerated virtualization, may get disabled for VirtualBox when another hypervisor, such as Hyper-V is enabled.
To disable Hyper-V execute this command in an Administrator: Command Prompt or Powershell, and reboot the system:
To enable Hyper-V again, execute this command in an Administrator: Command Prompt or Powershell, and reboot the system:
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© Copyright 2021 Intel Corporation. All Rights Reserved.. Last updated on Sep 15, 2021.
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Stateless¶
In most operating systems, user data, system data, and configuration files can become intermingled, which can make them challenging to manage.
Figure 1: Without stateless, user and system files become mixed on the filesystem over time. В¶
File-level separation¶
To accomplish a stateless design, the Clear Linux OS filesystem hierarchy is separated between user-owned areas and Clear Linux OS-owned areas.
Figure 2: With stateless, user and system files are separated on the filesystem. В¶
System area¶
User areas¶
Software configuration¶
With stateless separation, default software configurations are read in order from predefined source code, Clear Linux OS provided defaults, and user-provided configuration.
Default configurations¶
Software in Clear Linux OS provides default configuration values so that it is immediately functional, except for some that require additional configuration.
For example, after installing the httpd bundle for Apache web server, its default configurations appear in the /usr/share/defaults/httpd/ directory.
Overriding configurations¶
User-defined configuration files should contain the minimal set of desired changes and rely on default configuration for the rest.
For example, a customized Apache configuration can be used instead by:
Install the Apache web server bundle.
Create the destination directory for the configuration.
Copy the default configuration as a reference template.
Make any desired modifications to the configurations.
Reload the service or reboot the system to pickup any changes.
This pattern can be used to modify the configurations of other programs too. The stateless man page has application-specific examples.
System reset¶
Running the commands below effectively performs a system reset as if it was just installed:
In other Linux distributions, this can be a catastrophic action that may render a system unable to boot and/or inaccessible.
Additional information¶
© Copyright 2021 Intel Corporation. All Rights Reserved.. Last updated on Sep 15, 2021.
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.